Change and relationship between Gli1 and β-catenin on rats' bone formation with chronic fluorosis / 中华病理学杂志

To investigate the change and association of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) and β-catenin on bone formation in rats with chronic fluorosis which were inhibited by cyclopamine (Cycl). Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were evenly divided to four groups, including control, F, F+Cycl and F+DMSO groups. The control group were fed with tap water (NaF1 ppm). The F, F+Cycl and F+DMSO groups were exposed to NaF (50 ppm) in drinking water as the chronic fluorosis model. Then the rats in F+Cycl or F+DMSO groups were injected by Cycl or DMSO after 6 months, respectively. Urine fluoride concentration was detected using fluorine ion selective electrode. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Bone tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The mRNA and protein expression of Gli1 and β-catenin in bone tissue were detected using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Compared with the controls, the urine fluoride concentration and the width and volume of bone trabeculae were increased in the F, F+Cycl and F+DMSO groups, but no statistical difference among the 3 fluorosis groups. The concentration of BALP was increased in the F group and decreased in F+Cycl group (0.05). The expression of Gli1 and β-catenin mRNA and protein was higher in the F and F+Cycl groups than controls, but lower in the F+Cycl group than in the F group. There was positive correlation between the expression of Gli1 and β-catenin (0.476, 0.05). The expression of Gli1 and β-catenin was also associated with BALP concentration and volume of bone trabeculae, respectively (0.457, (2)0.466, 0.581, 0.554, respectively, 0.05 for all). The expression of Gli1 can be inhibited by Cycl. It may be involved in the bone formation of rats with chronic fluorosis. It may also affect the expression of β-catenin, which is an osteogenesis factor.

Expression of myofibroblast in gingival after orthodontic loading / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To examine the expression of myofibroblast in gingival after orthodontic loading.@*METHODS@#Eight patients were selected as experimental group and treated with orthodontic force for 4 months. Ten patients were selected as the control group, were not loaded. The gingival protein expressions of collagen typeⅠ, collagen type Ⅲ, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry method.@*RESULTS@#Positive expressions of collagen typeⅠ, collagen type Ⅲ were founded, while no positive staining for α-SMA in the gingival tissue except vascular epithelium before loading. In experimental group, collagen type I and collagen type Ⅲ were increased after orthodontic loading (P<0.05), the expression of α-SMA was detected and statistically significant (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The myofibroblast exists in gingival tissue after orthodontic loading, and it may be concerned with orthodontic teeth relapse.

Effects of soybean isoflavones on the energy metabolism of swimming mice / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish an animal model for loaded swimming, so as to investigate the energy metabolism effects of soybean isoflavones (SI) on swimming mice.@*METHODS@#Thirty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups:normal control, swimming group, and swimming+SI group. The normal control group mice were fed a basic AIN-93M diet, the SI groups were supplied with soybean isoflavones(4 g/kg).Two weeks later, the mice were forced to swim for an hour,and then all the mice were killed, the samples of blood, liver and muscles of hind were collected.The serum contents of lactic acid(Lac), the activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), creatine kinase (CK) and ATPase were measured.@*RESULTS@#Compared with normal control,the serum content of Lac was significantly improved in the group of the swimming control and SI(<0.05),the activity of LDH in the serum was obviously improved in the group of the swimming control and SI, and the activity of CK and SDH were both significantly improved in the group of the swimming control and SI except the activity of SDH in the liver of the group SI; compared with the swimming control,the serum contents of Lac,the activities of LDH, ATPase, SDH, CK were obviously improved(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Soybean isoflavones can improve the energy metabolism,antioxidant capacity of the swimming mice.

Reconstruction of mandibular defects with tissue-engineered bone using 3D bionic printing technology / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The 3D printed polylactic-co-glycolicacid/nano-hydroxyapatite (PLGA/nHA) scaffold carrying human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2)/chitosan (CS) sustained release tissue-engineering bone has good biological activity, mechanical properties, and biological activity of its controlled release rhBMP-2. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the repair of mandibular defects with PLGA/nHA scaffold/rhBMP-2/CS sustained release tissue-engineering bone manufactured using 3D bionic printing technology. METHODS: Animal models of bilateral critical mandibular bone defects were established in 27 New Zealand white rabbits, followed by implantation of a 3D-printed PLGA/nHA scaffold/rhBMP-2/CS sustained release tissue-engineering bone on one side (experimental side), and a 3D-printed PLGA/nHA scaffold on the other side (control side). Mandibular specimens were harvested at postoperative days 30, 60 and 90 to carry out cone-beam CT, Micro CT, histological and immunohistochemical examinations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results from micro-CT analysis revealed that the volume of newly formed bone volume and the amount of bone trabeculae on the experimental side were significantly higher than those on the control side at different postoperative time points (P ＜ 0.05). The results from cone-beam CT examination showed that at 90 postoperative days, bone density of the bone defect on the experimental side was close to that of the surrounding bone, new bone tissues were full of the original bone defect area, and the trabecular bone arranged regularly, while on the control side, worm-eaten discontinuous low-density osteoid tissues were visible in the bone defect area. Osteogenesis on the experimental side was better than that on the control side. Histological findings demonstrated that on the experimental side, a large amount of mature lamellae were detected in the bone defect area, with well-arranged trabecular bones and abundant capillaries, and moreover, the scaffold material had been completely absorbed. However, low-density, loose-meshed, irregular braided bone tissues with rare capillaries were observed on the control side, and the scaffold material had been mostly absorbed. Immunohistochemical findings indicated that the osteocalcin-dyed area on the experimental side was significantly larger than that of the control side at postoperative 90 days. To conclude, 3D-printed PLGA/nHA scaffold/rhBMP-2/CS sustained release tissue-engineering bone is favorable for the repair and reconstruction of experimental mandibular defects in rabbits.

The physiological effects of resveratrol and its potential application in high altitude medicine / 中国应用生理学杂志

Resveratrol, as a natural polyphenolic compound, has a wide range of beneficial effects, which includes anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, anti-oxidant and estrogen-like effects, and so on. Its various physiological properties are closely related to the therapeutic principle for prevention and treatment of high altitude hypoxia injury. Resveratrol may play an important role in relieving or curing high altitude diseases, especially high altitude polycythemia(HAPC). However, the literature about study and application of resveratrol in plateau medicine field is rarely reported up to now. In this review, we summarized the physiological effects of resveratrol, discussed the possible main principle of resveratrol for HAPC therapy, and looked forward to resveratrol's perspective or potential application in high altitude medicine.

Three-dimensional Hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography in the Assessment of Fallopian Tubal Patency / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose To investigate the clinical value of three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (3D-HyCoSy) in the assessment of fallopian tubal patency.Materials and Methods Fallopian tubal patency of 33 infertile women was assessed using transvaginal 3D-HyCoSy, and the results were compared with laparoscopically salpingoraphy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of 3D-HyCoSy were evaluated.Results 3D-HyCoSy showed 20 passable fallopian tubes, 10 partially passable fallopian tubes and 36 obstructed tubes, while lapascopically salpingoraphy showed 23 passable fallopian tubes, 7 partially passable fallopian tubes and 36 obstructed tubes. The total coincidence rate of 3D-HyCoSy to assess the fallopian tubal patency was 86.4% (57/66), with the sensitivity of 93.0% (40/43), specificityof 73.9% (17/23), positive likelihood ratio of 7.15, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.20.Conclusion Tubal patency can be efficiently and accurately assessed using 3D-HyCoSy, but patients with obstructed or partially passable fallopian tubes should undergo laparoscopy to clarify.

Changes in phosphorylation of NMDA receptors in spinal dorsal horns in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the changes in the phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in spinal dorsal horns in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (CCD).Methods Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =32 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sham operation group (group S) and group CCD.In CCD group,a small stainless steel needle (4 mm in length and 0.8 mm in diameter) was inserted into the L4,5 intervertebral foramen in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats,developing intervertebral foramen stenosis and hence producing a chronic steady compression of the dorsal root ganglion.In group S,the intervertebral foramen was only exposed without inserting the needle.The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was measured at 1 day before operation and 1,2 and 4 weeks after operation.The rats were then sacrificed after measurement of PWL and the lumbar enlargement segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and phosphorylation of NMDA receptor NR1 subunits at serine 896 (pNR1S896) on the injured side by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the PWL was significantly shortened at each time point after operation,and the expression of IL-1β and pNR1S896 was up-regulated in group CCD,and the PWL was shortened at 1 week after operation,the expression of IL-1β and pNR1S896 was up-regulated,and no significant change was found in PWL and expression of IL-1β and pNR1S896 at the other time points in group S.Compared with group S,the PWL was significantly shortened at each time point after operation,and the expression of IL-1β and pNR1S896 was up-regulated in group CCD,Compared with the baseline value at 1 day before operation,the PWL was slowly shortened starting from 1 week after operation,and decreased to the lowest level at 2 weeks after operation and maintained at this level for 2 weeks,the expression of IL-1β and pNR1S896 was slowly up-regulated starting from 1 week after operation,and increased to the highest level at 2 weeks after operation and maintained at this level for 2 weeks in group CCD,and the PWL was shortened at 1 week after operation,and the expression of IL-1β and pNR1 S896 was up-regulated in group S.Conclusion The development and maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by CCD are related to phosphorylation of NMDA receptors in spinal dorsal horns of rats.

A rat model of high altitude polycythemia rapidly established by hypobaric hypoxia exposure / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of simple hypobaric hypoxia on parameters of hematology and blood rheology in order to establish a rat model of simulated high altitude polycythemia (HAPC) for the study of pathophysiologic mechanisms and medical prevention and treatment of HAPC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three normal control groups and three hypoxia model groups. Normal control group rats were bred in normoxia conditions, and hypoxia group rats were subjected to hypoxic exposure for 8 hours per day at simulated 5 500 m high altitude in a hypobaric chamber. After hypoxic exposure for 2, 4, 12 weeks, one group of normal control and hypoxia model rats were killed and blood was collected, respectively. Then parameters of erythrocyte and blood rheology were examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mucous membrane of hypoxia model rats showed obviously cyanosis after 2 weeks hypoxic exposure. Hemoglobin concentration of hypoxia model rats were beyond 210 g/L after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks hypoxia exposure and significantly increased than that of normal control rats respectively. Besides, RBC counts, hematocrit, whole blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index of hypoxia model rats were all notably higher than those of normal control rats respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A rat model of high altitude polycythemia can be rapidly established by hypobaric hypoxia exposure at simulated 5 500 m high altitude for 8 hours daily.</p>

Expression of calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 in testis of rats with chronic fluorosis / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the significance of calcineurin (CaN) and nuclear factor of active T cells 1 (NFATc1) in the damage mechanism of the testis of rats with chronic fluorosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen clear class SD male rats, aging 6 week-old, were randomly divided into 3 groups, 6 rats in each. The rats of control group were fed with tap water (NaF < 1 mg/L) and the experimental rats were exposed to NaF (lower group: 5 mg/L, higher group: 50 mg/L) to established the chronic fluorosis model. After 8 months, we observed the occurrence of dental fluorosis among rats in different groups, and the contents of urine fluoride were detected by fluorine ion selective electrode method. The body of the rats were weighted as well as their testis. The testis tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and observed under light microscope to find the morphological changes. The expression of CaN and NFATc1's protein and mRNA in testis were detected by Immunocytochemistry (IHC) and In-situ hybridization (ISH).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of rats which was found dental fluorosis were separately 0, 4 and 5 in control group, low dose group and high dose group (χ(2) = 10.60, P < 0.05). The contents of urine fluoride were gradually increased in control group, low group and high group, which were (1.26 ± 0.17), (2.06 ± 0.64) and (7.69 ± 1.96)mg/L, respectively (F = 36.57, P < 0.05). The body weight were significantly different in all three groups(629.00 ± 16.00), (585.17 ± 17.27), (560.50 ± 16.07)g, F = 26.67, P < 0.05) and the testis weight were without statistical difference ((2.58 ± 0.17), (2.43 ± 0.31), (2.35 ± 0.38)g, F = 0.91, P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the testicular structures were damaged in the experimental groups and especially significant in high dose group. The expression of CaN (59.10 ± 5.62, 77.93 ± 4.16, 101.69 ± 6.31, F = 74.18, P < 0.05) and NFATc1's (76.11 ± 4.41, 93.42 ± 3.85, 120.42 ± 9.31, F = 92.4, P < 0.05) protein in testis tissues were increased by the fluorine concentration. The mRNA expression of CaN and NFATc1 were separately (CaN: 58.76 ± 7.70, 82.01 ± 6.88, 99.47 ± 8.33, F = 42.65, P < 0.05 and NFATc1: 59.39 ± 4.74, 90.02 ± 5.37, 121.15 ± 7.69, F = 155.47, P < 0.05). There were positive correlation between the expression of CaN and NFATc1's protein and mRNA expression (r = 0.899, r = 0.908).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The changes in the signaling pathway of expression of CaN may be involved in the injury mechanism of testis tissues of rats with chronic fluorosis.</p>

Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on mRNA expression of MDR3 and FXR in infants with cholestatic hepatitis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the mRNA expression of multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in infants with cholestatic hepatitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-eight infants who were diagnosed with cholestatic hepatitis between July 2008 and July 2010 were included in the study. These patients received treatment with UDCA. The mRNA expression levels of MDR3 and FXR were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR with SYBR Green I, before and after treatment with UDCA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment with UDCA, the infants with cholestatic hepatitis had significantly decreased serum levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase (P<0.05) and significantly increased mRNA expression of MDR3 (P<0.05). No significant change in mRNA expression of FXR was observed, however (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>UDCA improves liver function indices in infants with cholestatic hepatitis, which may be related to up-regulated mRNA expression of MDR3.</p>

Relationship of nuclear factor kappa B-related gene expression and osteoclast apoptosis induced by fluoride in bone tissue / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between change of relevant gene of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) and osteoclast apoptosis in bone injury of rats with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanism of skeletal fluorosis.Methods Thirty-six healthy SD rats,weighting 100-120 g,were randomly divided into three groups(twelve in each group).Rats of control group were fed with tap water(NaF ＜ 1 mg/L) and the experimental rats were exposed to NaF(low-dose group:5 mg/L,high-dose group:50 mg/L) through drinking water to established chronic fluorosis model.All rats were killed at the eight month and metaphysic of femoral was collected.Bone tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and observed under optical microscope.Serum content of tartrateresistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Osteoclast was identified and counted by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining(TRAP).The expression of p50,IκBα,Bcl-2 and Bax's mRNA and protein of bone tissue was detected by Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry.Results Bone sclerosis was observed under optical microscope.The content of TRACP 5b in serum and the number of osteoclast in the low fluoride group[(3.45 ± 1.85)U/L,(6.75 ± 1.29)/slice]were significantly higher than that of the control[(1.26 ± 0.23)U/L,(3.92 ± 1.38)/slice,all P ＜ 0.05],but that of the high fluoride group [(2.74 ± 1.85)U/L,(3.33 ± 1.07)/slice]were lower than that of the low dose group(all P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expressions of p50,IκBα,Bcl-2 and Bax in low fluoride group(4.41 ± 0.44,1.15 ± 0.25,2.02 ± 0.11,1.25 ± 0.22) were significantly higher than that of the control(1.46 ± 0.10,0.26 ± 0.07,1.00 ± 0.06,0.74 ± 0.09,all P ＜ 0.05),but the high fluoride groups' (0.69 ± 0.09,0.14 ± 0.03,0.95 ± 0.08,0.62 ± 0.08) were lower than that of the low dose group(all P ＜ 0.05).The protein expressions of p50 and IκBα in the low fluoride group (152.96 ± 7.87,156.20 ± 9.75) were significantly higher than that of the control(125.63 ± 9.85,118.97 ± 6.94,all P ＜ 0.05),but the high fluoride group(120.56 ± 9.57,114.50 ± 7.61) were lower than the low dose group(all P ＜ 0.05).The protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax(170.61 ± 6.60,160.77 ± 7.66) and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax (1.07 ± 0.08) were higher than the control(l10.73 ± 5.27,114.64 ± 5.83,0.96 ± 0.04,all P＜ 0.05),but the high fluoride group(81.70 ± 8.00,99.93 ± 3.83,0.81 ± 0.08) were lower than that of the control and the low dose group (all P ＜ 0.05).There was a significant positive correlation between protein expression of p50,IκBα and Bcl-2/Bax (r =0.587,0.676,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Chronic fluorosis can cause change of the relevant gene of NF-κB in rat bone tissues and osteoclast apoptosis.The mechanism of skeletal fluorosis might be related to the abnormal of osteclast apoptosis caused by changes of NF-κB p50 and IκBα.

Expression of nuclear factor kappa B-related mRNA and protein in bone tissue of fluorosis rats / 中国地方病学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB)-related mRNA and protein in bone tissue of rats with chronic fluorosis.MethodsThirty-six healthy SD rats,weighting 100 - 120 g,were randomly divided into three groups (twelve in each group ).Rats of control group were fed with tap water (NaF ＜ 1 mg/L) and the experimental rats were exposed to NaF(low-dose group:5 mg/L,high-dose group:50mg/L) through drinking water.All rats were killed at the eight month and metaphysic of femoral was collected.Bone tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and observed under optical microscope.Bone fluorine was detected by ashing-fluorin ion selective electrode method.Serum content of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b(TRACP 5b)was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The expressions of p50,p65 and IkBα's mRNA and protein in bone tissue was detected by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsBone sclerosis was observed under optical microscope.The contents of bone fluorine in both the low and high doses fluoride groups [(6.32 ± 1.23),( 10.89 ± 1.56) mg/kg] were significantly higher than that of the control [(3.06 ± 1.01 ) mg/kg,all P ＜ 0.05],and of that the high fluoride group was significantly higher than that of the low fluoride group(P ＜ 0.05).Serum content of TRACP 5b of the low fluoride group[(3.45 ± 1.85)U/L] was significantly higher than that of the control[(1.26 ± 0.23)U/L,P ＜ 0.05],but that of the high fluoride group[(2.74 ± 1.85)U/L] was lower than that of the low dose group(P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expressions of p50 and IkBα in the low fluoride group(4.41 ± 0.44,1.15 ± 0.25) were significantly higher than that of the control(1.46 ± 0.10,0.26 ± 0.07,all P ＜ 0.05),but that of the high fluoride group(0.69 ± 0.09,0.14 ± 0.03) was lower than that of the low dose group(all P ＜ 0.05).The protein expressions of p50 and IkBα in the low fluoride group(152.96 ± 7.87,156.20 ± 9.75) were significantly higher than that of the control( 125.63 ± 9.85,118.97 ± 6.94,all P ＜ 0.05),but the high fluoride groups' ( 120.56 ±9.57,114.50 ± 7.61 ) was significantly lower than that of the low dose group(all P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionFluoride can lead to altered gene expression of NF-kB pathway,and the latter may be involved in fluoride induced bone damage.

Expression of mRNA and protein of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 in rat bone with chronic fluorosis / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expressions of mRNA and protein of p38, Osx, PI3K, Akt1 in the rats bone with chronic fluorosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Dental fluorosis were observed and the fluoride contents in the urine and bone were detected by fluorin-ion selective electrode. The morphologic changes and ultrastructure of rats' bone were observed by light and electronic microscopy. The expressions of protein and mRNA of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 were detected by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, respectively. The contents of BALP and BGP in serum were detected by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of dental fluorosis in the fluorosis rats were increased, and the fluoride contents in bone and urine of the fluorosis rats were increased compared to the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The bone trabeculae thickness and density and the thickness of bone cortex in fluorosis rats were remarkably increased, the space of bone trabeculae was reduced, and in accordance with the matching morphometrical indices, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) as compared with the control rats. The contents of BALP [(54.61 ± 2.27) U/L] and BGP [(2.38 ± 0.16) µg/L]in the fluoride groups were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Ultrastructurally, the broadening of the osseouslacuna was observed. The reduced protuberances of the osteocytes, the unclear organelle structure, pyknosis, karyotheca increasation and edged chromatin were also observed. Compared to the control group, the expressions of protein and its mRNA of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 were higher in the fluorosis rats than those in the control rats, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There is no any expression of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 in the osteocytes in fluorosis rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The over-expression of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 in bone tissue of fluorosis rats may relate to the accumulation of fluorine in the body. The bone injury mainly occur in the stage of the differentiation and proliferation. The upregulation of P38MARK signal path and PI3K/Akt1 signal path may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone injury caused by fluoride.</p>

Shorter recurrence-free survival time, higher risk of multiple recurrences: a retrospective study of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Multiple recurrences are common in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, but the risk of multiple recurrences has not been fully described. Identifying patients at high risk of multiple recurrences will help to select an optimal therapeutic strategy and to improve prognosis. This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for multiple recurrences of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reviewed the clinical data of all patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in our hospital between January 2003 and February 2010. Patients with at least one recurrence were included. Multivariate analysis was performed for theorized risk factors (age, gender, tumor stage, grade, size, location, number of lesions, adjuvant intra-vesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection, and recurrence-free survival after each resection) to clarify risk factors for multiple recurrences of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 278 patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, 84 were with at least one recurrence and a total of 222 recurrences among them were followed up for 6 - 70 months (mean, 36.1 months). Recurrence-free survival after initial resection predicted the overall frequency of bladder cancer recurrence (risk ratio (RR) = 37.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.45 - 396.13, P = 0.001) and second recurrence (RR = 6.15, 95%CI = 1.28 - 29.57, P = 0.023). Similarly, recurrence-free survival after a second resection was the only significant risk factor for third recurrence (RR = 31.08, 95%CI = 2.53 - 381.47, P = 0.007). Moreover, recurrence-free survival after initial resection was the only significant factor to predict later progression to muscle invasive bladder cancer (RR = 8.62, 95%CI = 1.47 - 58.34, P = 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Recurrence-free survival after resection is an independent predictor of multiple recurrences of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The shorter the period between resection and recurrence is, the higher the risk of multiple recurrences.</p>

Clinical evaluation of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk tables in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in Chinese patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from 185 patients with non-muscle invaaive urothelial bladder cancer from January 2003 to February 2009. Among the 185 patients, 128 patients were stage Ta compared with 57 patients who were stage T1. There were 87, 53 and 45 patients with grade G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed on all the patients and all the patients received routine post-operative intravesical instillation. A telephone interview follow-up was conducted on all the patients, and the average follow-up period was 36 months. EORTC risk tables were used to calculate risk scores for recurrence and progression for each patient. The recurrence and progression rates of different risk groups were recorded and compared with the estimated rates by EORTC risk table. Statistical analysis was used for comparison. ResultsTotal 1-year recurrence rate and progression rate for these patients were 25.9% and 3.8% respectively. According to calculated values of the patients, the 1-year recurrence rates of Group 0, Group 1-4, Group 5-9, Group 10-17 were 10.4%(5/48), 21. 5%(14/65), 35. 2% (19/54), 55.6%(10/18), respectively. The 1-year progression rates of Group 0, Group 2-6, Group 7-13, Group 14-23 were 0% (0/43), 1.5% (1/67), 6. 7% (4/60), 13. 3% (2/15). There was no significant difference between the real rates and estimated rates of the EORTC risk tables (P＞0. 05). However,the 1-year recurrence and progression rates between the low risk group, the medium risk group and the high risk group showed significant differences respectively (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusions The EORTC risk tables are feasible to evaluate the recurrence and progression risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in the present cohort. Nevertheless, the long term value and feasibility need more research to confirm.

Effect of fluoride on expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B1 mRNA and protein in bone tissue of rats / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To observe the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K) and protein kinase B1 (Akt1) in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in rat bones with fluorosis, and to reveal the mechanisms of the skeletal fluorosis. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (control group, low-dose fluorosis group, high-dose fluorosis group) and 12 rats were in each group according to body weight. The rats were fed with different concentrations of fluoride (NaF) to establish fluorosis models. Controls were fed with tap water( < 0.5 mg/L), experimental animals in low- or high-dose groups were fed with water containing NaF 5.0,50.0 mg/L, respectively. Rats were sacrificed after 6 months of treating with fluoride and the serum was kept for testing the bone metabolic markers of none gla protein(BGP) and cathepsin K(Cath-K) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), the proteins and mRNA levels of PI3K and Akt1 in rat bones were detected by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR, respectively. Results Each group of serum BGP and Cath-k were compared, the difference was statistically significant(F = 73.45,39.36, all P < 0.05). The contents of BGP[(1.99 ± 0.62), (2.38 ± 0.16)μg/L] and Cath-K [(89.07 ± 19.66), (110.16 ± 9.81)pmol/L] in the low-and high-dose fluorosis groups were higher than those in the control group[(0.15 ± 0.03)μg/L,( 18.32 ± 2.27)pmol/L], and the high fluorosis group was obviously higher than the low fluorosis group (all P < 0.05). Each group of serum PI3K and Akt1 protein and mRNA were compared, the difference was statistically significant(F- 178.16,118.08,38.81,52.31, all P< 0.05). Compared to the control group (181.55 ± 4.24,188.46 ± 2.18,3.84 ± 1.69,4.33 ± 0.89), the protein and mRNA expressions of PI3K(171.66 ± 2.85,154.12 ± 4.15,11.31 ± 4.18,20.54 ± 6.68), Akt1(177.47 ± 3.16,156.42 ± 3.18,12.52 ± 3.13,19.43 ± 5.36) were higher in the low- and high-dose fluorosis groups (all P < 0.05), and the high fluorosis group was obviously higher than the low fluorosis group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions BGP and Cath-K contents could be used as bone metabolic indices in the endemic fluorosis disease. Fluoride can increase the expression of PI3K and Akt1 mRNA and protein in bone tissue of fluorosis rats, and PI3K/Akt1 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone injury caused by fluoride.

Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative Bacillis isolated from children with bronchopneumonia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the distribution and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative pathogens isolated from children with bronchopneumonia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The distribution and the results of susceptibility tests of 272 strains of gram-negative Bacillis isolated from children with bronchopneumonia during 2009 were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the isolates, the common pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) production rate was 52.9%. Compared with the non-ESBLs producing strains, ESBLs-producing strains had a significantly higher drug resistance rate to many antibiotics except amikacin and meropenem (P<0.05). The lowest resistance to ESBLs producing gram negative strains was found for meropenem (0.7%), followed by imipenem, amikacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>More attentions should be paid to the high rate of drug-resistance of ESBLs producing strains in children. Antimicrobial therapy should be based on the results of drug resistance surveillance.</p>

Literature Analysis on Adverse Reactions Induced by Interferon / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the general patterns and characteristics of the adverse drug reactions(ADR) induced by interferon and to provide guidance for its rational use in the clinic.METHODS:A total of 64 ADR cases induced by interferon reported in the domestic medical journals during the period 2000～2006 were collected and analyzed statistically. RESULTS:The ADR induced by interferon was more often seen in patients aged 30～39 years old(35.94%),with male showing higher proportion than female(68.75% vs. 31.25%).ADR more often occurred after multiple dosing and were characteriz-ed predominantly by allergic reactions of immune system in which multiple organs or systems may be involved.CONCLUSION:Interferon should be used rationally based on indications of medication and be closely monitored to prevent and reduce the occurrence of ADR.

Determination of Four Flavonoids in Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae by RP-HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 4 flavonoids in Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae.METHODS:The samples were separated on Hypersil BDS C18 column(150 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m)with CH3OH-0.3%H3PO4 as mobile phase(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL?min-1.The column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃ and the detective wavelength was set at 360 nm.RESULTS:The linear ranges of 4 flavonoids including rutin,quercetin,luteolin and kaempferol were 0.127 2～2.034 4 ?g(r=0.999 9),0.089 1～1.425 6 ?g(r=0.999 8),0.076 6～1.226 4 ?g(r=0.999 7),0.113 0～1.808 0 ?g(r=0.999 8)respectively,and their average recoveries were 97.6%,99.4%,98.1% and 101.9%,respectively with RSD at 0.94%,0.73%,0.99% and 1.34%,respectively(all n=9).CONCLUSION:This method was proved to be simple,accurate,reproducible and applicable for the quality control of Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae.